Effect of Dietary Modified-Banana-Tuber Meal Substituting Dietary Corn on Growth Performance, Carcass Trait and Dietary-Nutrients Digestibility of Coloured-Feather Hybrid Duck

Sjofjan O, Adli DN, Natsir MH, Nuningtyas YF, Wardani TS, Sholichatunnisa I, Ulpah SN, Firmansyah O. 2021. Effect of dietary modified-banana-tuber meal (M-BTM) substituting corn on growth performance, carcass traits and dietary-nutrients digestibility of coloured-feather hybrid duck (Pekin x Khaki Cambell). JITV 26(1): 39-48. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10/14334/jitv.v26i1.2686. In this experiment, we investigate the effect of modified banana tuber meal (M-BTM) to substitute dietary maize in growingfinisher colored-feathered hybrid duck. One hundred and ninety six hybrid ducks (Pekin x Khaki Campbell) with 421.31 ± 0.183g body weight (BW) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments with 9 ducks (unsexed) per pen and 4 replications per treatment. These dietary treatments were: NC (negative control; maize-soyabean-meal based diet), BTM25 (25% maize was replaced by MBTM-), BTM50 (50% maize was replaced by M-BTM), BTM75 (75% maize was replaced by M-BTM), and BTM100 (100% maize was replaced by M-BTM). The experimental design applied using completely randomize design (CRD). Data of this experiment were statistically analysed by one-way-analysis-of-variance of SAS University version 4.0 red hat (64-bit) University Online Edition. Result demonstrated that M-BTM improved significantly (p< 0.05) digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. It is concluded that M-BTM enhanced apparently growth performaces and digestibility parameters of colored-feathered hybrid duck (Pekin x Khaki Campbell).


INTRODUCTION
Demand for poultry products have raised every year, according to  the poultry protein needed raised year to year. Poultry, especially broiler contribute more than 50% protein requirement in Indonesia. One of secondary meat protein source can be fulfilled from waterfowl . One of the popular waterfowl as meat in Indonesia were Hybrid duck. Hybrid ducks are the offspring of a crossing between a male Peking duck and female Khaki Champbell duck. Peking ducks have rapid weight gain, while Khaki Champbell ducks have a high body weight and high egg production compared to other local ducks ). Duck has a considerable high feed consumption compared to chicken; therefore feed has to be considered seriously. At least 65-75% of total productivity in poultry industry is allocated for feed (Ali et al. 2014).
The Indonesian government imposed regulation Permendag/10/2020 to anticipate the COVID-19, the Indonesian government has undertaking strict quarantine measures on the importation of live animal species and imported feed material originating from China or transiting into Indonesian territory (Badan Pusat Statistik 2020; . Thus, regulation causes reducing supply of raw material for poultry feed such as maize . Fourthly quarter (Q4) data from Badan Pusat Statistik (2020) reported that Indonesia imported maize at the amount of 911.194 tonnes/year or equally to a total rate of US$ 233.47 million. The maize is a main feed ingredient for poultry industries in Indonesia. Later, the industrial of feed mill, institution, academic, researcher, and farmers in Indonesia took an alternative to solve this problem by using potential local material in area scopes. The used of tuber meal in poultry diet are in partial replacement of maize. This was expected since the cost of tuber meals is much lower than that of maize (Beckford & Bartlett 2015;Achilonu et al. 2018).
One potential feed to replace maize were banana tuber meal since this root meal had similar energy content and low protein but high in crude fiber. The Indonesia has potential agro-industrial waste from banana plant. According to Hapsari et al. (2017), Indonesia is homeland of banana both wild species and cultivars. Moreover, banana is most famous fruit plant through worldwide. Being part of primary data of origin and biodiversity of banana, Indonesia has played a crucial role in supporting availablity of banana (Hapsari et al. 2017). Banana plant had tuber or rhizome, which is a basal part of banana stem. Rhizome grew after reproductive organ were formed as modification of the peduncle, white in color, with smooth surface. Rhizome consists of epidermis, periphery zone and center zone (Sumardi & Wulandari 2010;Libatique 2020).
There is a negative effect of utilizing banana tuber which causes gizzard erosion, low palatability, and low nutrient content. Thus, tuber meal needs to be modified in accordance to overcome the weakness. To improve its nutrient content, the modification utilize β-cellulose enzyme. The tuber contents 50% undigestible nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) component for poultry. The local resources as an alternative feed ingredient for poultry was reported to stimulate the releasing of volatile fatty acid in the caecum of ducks and reduced crude fiber in the gut of waterfowl (Sharmila et al. 2014). However, its use in conventional feed is limited by some factors and need to be well managed before using it as commercial livestock feed (Dei et al. 2011). Accordingly, this study was carried out to investigate the effect modified banana tuber meal to promote replacement of maize in growing-finisher rations of colored-feathered hybrid. Then, choosing the most suitable level of treatment applicable in duck farm is considered to be a novelty of the result of the experiment.

Ducks rearing condition
One hundred and ninety six colored-feathered hybrid ducks (Pekin x Khaki Campbell) with average 421.31 ± 0.183 g of body weight were allotted to 5 dietary treatments with 9 ducks (unsexed) per pen and 4 replications each treatment. Furthermore, the second experiment for digestibility, 20 hybrid ducks (Pekin x Khaki Campbell) aged 64 days (unsexed) were used. The total 20 metabolic cages were used. One cage for one duck. The experiment was conducted at conventionally-farm-controlled environmental, at Batu, East Java, Indonesia (latitude 7°55′06″S, longitude 112°34′35″E, elevation 813 m). The climate is tropical wet season and average rainfall around 3230 mm. The average room temperature and humidity were 26°C and 71%, respectively. Rice hull was used as litter floor pens. The lighting program was set at 16 hours light. Ducks were reared under supervision of a veterinarian and was approved by the University of Brawijaya Animal Ethics Committee. The hybrid duck were taken from commercial farmer from Blitar Regency, East Java, Indonesia.

Feeding treatment programmed
The ducks were given free access (ad libitum) to fresh water and feed throughout the study period twice a day at 07; 30 AM and 15; 30 PM. Experimental diets were formulated according to growing phase of day 24 to day 38 for first phase, day 39 to day 52 for second phase and day 53 to day 64 for finisher phase. The Composition of Feed in the experiment is presented in Table 2, 3 and 4, respectively for first, second and finisher phases.

Preparation of modified banana tuber meal
The banana tuber meal (BTM) were taken from local merchant at the wet-local-market, in Trenggalek city, East Java, Indonesia. The tuber meal was sifted to separate the meal from the remaining stem-foliage, then placed on the floor that had been covered with trash bags and plastic. Suspensions of β-Cellulose are homogenized in a blender with 0.5% of meat-bone-meal then added at 0.010% per 1 kg of BTM. The treated BTM was the named as modified TBM (M-TBM). The last step was formulation with DL-Meth and Lysine on total feed formulation that are presented in Tables 2,3, and 4. The dietary treatments were: NC (negative control; maize-soya bean-rice bean-meal based diet), M-BTM25 (25% of maize was replaced with M-BTM), M-BTM50 (50% of maize was replaced with M-BTM), M-BTM75 (75% of maize was replaced with M-BTM), M-BTM100 (100% of maize was replaced with M-BTM). Diets were formulated to contain 2900 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, 18% crude protein, 0.75% total methionine and 0.28% total lysine. The other nutrients were formulated to meet or slightly exceed the nutrient requirement as suggested by Badan Standardisasi Nasional (2018). Experimental diets were formulated using Universitas Brawijaya (UB) Feed Formulation Software for Poultry following Badan Standardisasi Nasional (2018) requirement.

Data collection and sampling procedures
Daily feed consumption was recorded by measuring daily weight difference between feed offered and feed left. The weekly live weight of the duck was measured weekly at 06:00 AM. The feed efficiency was then calculated by dividing the total feed consumption by the live weight gain of the ducks during experiment (Abel et al. 2015). Duck mortality was recorded per flock from the beginning until the end of the experiment ). Twenty-four ducks from each pen which had weight to the nearest final live weight gain were taken to be sacrificed for carcass analyses.

Digestibility's analyses
The digestibility method was carried out by sampling the homogenized feces collected and stored in plastic trays. Then, immediately placed mixture of liquid of NA 2 PO 4 2%; NA 2 H 2 PO 4 2%, 24% formaldehyde; and 900 ml reverse osmosis water for digestibility's analysis following . Data were used to calculate digestibility parameters according to the following formulae:

AME=IE-FE TME=AME+FEL
Where IE=ingested energy; FE=fecal energy voided by the fed birds; while FEL=fasting energy loss by the unfed birds, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), total metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogencorrected total metabolizable energy (TME). The values corrected to zero N balance, AMEn and TMEn, were calculated as follows: AMEn=AME-(8.22×ANR/FI) TMEn=TME-(8.22×FNL/FI) -(8.22×ANR/FI) Where ANR=apparent N retention; FI=feed intake; and FNL=fasting N loss by the unfed bird; the factor 8.22 kcal/g for N retained in the body has been used according to Mustafa et al. (2004) and . Continually, the analyses of proximate of the feed sample was carried out to determine dry matter, ash, crude fibre, fat, and crude protein contents . Crude protein was determined using Kjeltech analyses of Foss Detector, Switzerland and gross energy was determined using Parr Oxygen Bomb 1108; USA ).

Data analyses
The experimental design applied was completely randomize design (CRD). Data of experiment were statistically analysed by the one-way-analysis-ofvariance of SAS University version 4.0 red hat (64-bit) University Online Edition . The differences among treatment means were determined at level of p <0.05, using Duncan's multiple range test (Steel & Torrie 1990).

Performance of hybrid-duck
Experimental results are presented in Table 4 and Table 5, it shows that there were no significant difference (p > 0.05) on parameters observed. Initially, there were curve linear decrease in the growing phase 1, 2, and finisher phase in feed intake as the level of modified banana tuber meal increased in formulated diet ( Figure 1). This was incontrast from the finding of Atapattu & Senevirathne (2013) who reported that the feed intake or feed conversion ratio was not affected by the type of the banana meal. In addition from Sugiharto et al. (2020) using banana peel meal up to 15% had no deleterious effect on the feed intake of the poultry.
The result of daily weight gain are presented on the The trends continued positive on the body weight increase, even though the data were not significant difference (p> 0.05). Table 4 showed the body weight at the beginning phase were 714; 736; 723; 747 vs. 733 (control), then followed on the growing phase 978; 976; 985; 987 vs. 988 (control), at the end phase showed that 1570; 1674; 1562; 1542 vs. 1558 (control).
The number of mortalities also decreased in accordance with increase in the day of rearing. The increased of daily gain may be in correlation with the modified banana tuber meal, the β-cellulose enzyme successfully reduced crude fiber and bind some nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs) and it helped reducing NSP content of the banana tuber meal. Abouelezz et al. (2018) reported that treatment failed to bind the NSP content on the cassava extraction residue treatment showing that the result did not give significant difference (p> 0.05). Moreover, the cooked and uncooked banana meal that consisted of NSP could have negative effect on the animals (Atapattu & Senevirathne 2013).  stated the used of enzyme would inhibit the negative effect of NSP in the duck intestinal. The enzyme could be useful as an endogenous enzyme in the cell wall that supported in breaking dawn the NSP of feedstuff .
Results of this study showed that β-cellulose banana tuber meal improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in growing 1, 2 and finishing phases in comparation to control diet. FCR of growing phase 1 were respectively for M-BTM25, M-BTM50, M-BTM75 and M-BTM100 of 3.81; 3.54; 3.12, 3..55 vs. NC (control diet) of 3.87, and of growing phase 2, that were 3.   managed controlled-trial environment the response of moderate variable value means were probably expressing the good result achievement. In addition, the breed and environmental factors were considerable evidence in modern rearing strains which had relatively similar in physiological and genetic potential. The hybrid duck used in this study were actually kept in relatively adaptive environment with relatively lower temperatures of 24.11 0 C in the morning and 27.12 0 C in the afternoon and humidity of 61.12% in morning and 74.22% in afternoon, had supported sufficient daily feed consumption.

Experimental Diets Digestibility
The digestibility reflected the impact of Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ( Table 5). The result showed used of modified banana tuber meal improved digestibility of dry matter and crude protein significantly (p<0.05). The digestibility of crude protein of M-BTM diets were 68.22%, 67.22%, 62.40% and 66.43% respectively for M-BTM25, M-BTM50, M-BTM75 and M-BTM100 vs 52.57 % was in control diet. In line with nutrient digestibility of dry matter were also increasing, showing of 43.18%; 41.22%; 43.12%; 40.14% respectively for 25%, 50%,75%, 100% of M-TBM diets, vs. 41.11% for control diet. In this study discrepancy was most probably caused by the protein quality (adequate and balanced amino acid composition) and the presence of anti nutrient components in the diets. There problems in the agro industrial origin were due to anti-nutrients contents such as lectins, polyphenol, anti-nutritional amino acid, saponins, cyanogen glycoside substances, protease inhibitors, and relatively oxalate (Anwar et al. 2016). To reduce anti-nutritional factors there are several technique to increase digestibility using heat, chemicals, machineries, enzyme supplementation, or fermentation (Anwar et al. 2016;(Najoan et al. 2020a;Tien et al. 2014). Compared to Sugiharto et al. (2020) protein digestibility did not vary between banana meal treatment and control, this inference noticed better protein digestibility when feeding banana meal to poultry (Sugiharto et al. 2020).
The modified banana tuber meal for the hybrid ducks did not showed significant effect on the AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn (   These anti-nutritional factors reduce the digestibility when the raw feed made from tuber given to animals (Mohammed et al. 2020).

Carcass traits
Carcass traits and relative organ weight emphasis the result of the influence of the modified the banana tuber meal whether it causes damaged or not. The result did not show negative effect on the relative organ weight, and the difference of the treatment means were not significant (p>0.05). Apparently, there were no negative effect detected even in the gizzard. The growth factors correlate with age, while the poultry uses in the relative age cause the same internal organ's growth ). In agreement with Blandon et al. (2015) who stated that the used of banana peels meal replacing maize, were no significant difference (p>0.05) both carcass trait and relative organ weight. The factors affected this result might be due to banana tuber meal contains secondary compounds like terpenoids, flavonoids and others phenolic compounds with a important physiological activity as reported by Blandon et al. (2015) and Fitroh et al. (2018) in banana peels. The terpenoids and flavonoids are anti-nutritional factors that are obstacle in poultry feed. This phenolic compounds are hard to balance with other raw materials as a feed (Blandon et al. 2015). There was only slight reduction (p>0.05) in abdominal fat of the duck fed modified banana tuber meal (7.55%; 7.85%; 7.66%; 7.56%, respectively for M-BTM25, M-BTM50, M-BTM75 and M-BTM100 vs. 8.47% for control. The use of plantain plant in poultry has been limited because of possibility deleterious effects arising from the presence of tannin (Blandon et al. 2015). Blandon et al. (2015) stated that tannin existed in two forms, namely; (a) free active form caused bitter taste and (b) bound tannin form which are insoluble, supposedly inert and has little or no effect on the palatability but can be useful to reduce abdominal fat (Blandon et al. 2015). In other hand, the report from Najoan et al. (2020a) stated that the flavonoid act can eliminated the abdominal fat which bound into glycine and taurine. The next step is forming glycine and taurine into bile salt and secreted to duodenum which is degraded by microbes (Najoan et al. 2020b).

CONCLUSION
Result of this study demonstrated the enhancement apparently growth performances and digestibility parameters of colored-feathered hybrid duck (Pekin x Khaki Campbell) after fed modified banana tuber meal (M-BTM) diets.