The Effect of Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira plattensis Powder on the Performance and Quality of Broiler Duck Carcasses

Kurniawan D, Christie CDY. 2020. The effect of Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira plattensis Powder on Performance and Quality of Broiler Duck Carcasses. JITV 25(1):40-44. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v25i1.2053. This study was aimed to investigate performance and quality of broiler duck carcasses fed with Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira plattensis. A total of 168 two-week-old broiler duck with an initial average body weight of 463 ± 29.38 g and a diversity of 6.35 % were randomly allotted to 7 experimental groups with 4 replications each with 6 bird per replication. Treatments were T0 (basal diet as a control), T1 (basal diet + 0.2% of Morinda citrifolia powder (MP)), T2 (basal diet + 0.5% of Arthrospira plattensis powde(AP)) , T3 (basal diet + 0.2% of MP+ 0.5% of AP), T4 (basal diet + 0.4% of MP + 0.5% of AP), T5 (basal diet + 0.2% of MP + 0.1% of AP), T6 (basal diet 0.4% of MP + 0.1% of AP). Variables measured were feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass percentage, abdominal fat, and visceral organ. Data were analyzed for variance based on a Completely Randomize Design and continued with Duncan’s multiple Range Test for differences. Result showed that the treatments did not affect (P>0.05) on feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The treatments also did not affect (P>0.05) carcass percentage, abdominal fat, and visceral organ. The diet did not significantly improve performance and quality of broiler duck carcasses.


INTRODUCTION
Some plants that are rich in bioactive compounds and have the potential as phytobiotics in livestock such as Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira platensis. Morinda citrifolia contains nutritional values such as minerals, vitamin, carbohydrates, and other nutrients which directly or indirectly help in metabolizing nutrients and good for cell and tissue growth (Abou Assi et al. 2017). Broilers fed fresh Morinda citrifolia juice (1.5 ml/head/day) showed better production performance on body weight gain, feed conversion and feed efficiency (Sunder et al 2011). The use of 5% Morinda citrifolia extract in feed showed better body weight gain, growth, and performance of egg production in quails (Sunder et al. 2015).
Arthrospira platensis contain 60-70% digestible protein with all essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids such as Ɣ-linolenic acid, vitamins especially vitamin B12 and provitamin A and mineral especially iron and various photosynthetic pigments (Hosseini et al. 2013). The bioactive components of Arthrospira platensis include phycocyanin, β-carotene, Ɣ-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds that make Arthrospira platensis has antioxidant, antimicrobial and immunestimulant properties, thus avoiding various diseases (Sudha et al 2011). Gružauskas et al. (2004) reported that Arthrospira platensis improved absorption of minerals and optimize nutrient digestion processes. Feeding Arthrospira platensis containing diets may increase the lactobacillus population and enhance the absorbability of dietary vitamins (Mariey et al. 2012). Antimicrobial activity in Morinda citrifolia as a feed additive is expected to improve the condition of microflora in the digestive system of poultry, especially in the small intestine. Good microflora conditions in the small intestine improve the absorption of feed substances so that feed digestibility and production performance improved. The antioxidant activity of Arthrospira platensis is expected to reduce or prevent damage by the oxidation process in quality poultry products. It is necessary to study effect of Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira platensis in feed on productivity of broiler ducks which includes feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion and carcass quality like carcass percentage, abdominal fat, and internal organ weight.

Experimental bird management
This research was started with the preparation of Morinda citrifolia powder, Arthrospira platensis powder, diet, cage, and its equipment. Morinda citrifolia powder was obtained from Materia Medica (Batu, East Java, Indonesia). Arthrospira platensis was obtained from PT. Neoalga Indonesia Makmur (Sukoharjo, Central Java, Indonesia). The hybrid ducks from a local breeder were offered dietary treatments from one day to 42 days old. The birds from 1 to 14 days old were kept in litter cage, and they were moved and kept in the colony cages. Feeds and water were provided ad libitum throughout the study period. The experiment was conducted according to the standard procedures of rearing and treating farm animals as stated in the law of the Republic of Indonesia, number 18, 2009, concerning animal husbandry and health. Bodyweight and feed intake were measured weekly. The feed conversion ratio was determined as the feed intake per weight gain. At day 42, a total of 28 ducks were slaughtered, de-feathered, and eviscerated. The internal organs were immediately taken out and weighed. The following parameters were evaluated (in %, in relation to live body weight and weight of eviscerated carcass without neck): eviscerated carcass without neck, head, and neck, quarter anterior of carcass, quarter posterior of carcass, wings with skin, breast and leg with skin, abdominal fat and visceral organ (heart, liver, gizzard, spleen, and giblet).

Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed based on a Completely Randomized Design by ANOVA. Significant differences among treatment groups were further analyzed using Duncan's multiple-range test. A significant level of p<0.05 was implemented.

Performance
Effect of dietary Morinda citrifolia and its combination with Arthrospira platensis powder on performance of broiler ducks are presented in Table 2. The result showed that the treatments did not affect (P>0.05) feed intake. This may be due to iso-calorie and iso-nitrogenous dietary treatments used in this study which led to the same feed intake. Several previous studies also noted that Morinda citrifolia powder and Arthrospira platensis powder had no effect on feed intake in broiler chicken (Abd El-Hady & El-Ghalid. 2018); (Mirzaie et al. 2018). A number of studies have revealed the consistent benefits of Arthrospira platensis on the growth performance of broiler chickens. Kaoud (2012) and (Jamil et al. 2015) reported that the addition of Arthrospira platensis powder to the diet improves weight gain and decreased feed conversion of broiler chickens. Based on these published data the author inferred the dietary Arthospira platensis on broiler ducks. The present results showed that the treatments did not give significant (P>0.05) effect on body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. This finding was similar to that of Mirzaie et al. (2018), which reported that supplementation of 1% Arthrospira platensis did not affect performance characteristics in broilers chickens. Sugiharto et al., (2018) reported that the period during which S. platensis was supplemented in broiler feed did not affect the growth performance of broilers. Irrespective of feeding duration, dietary supplementation with 1% of S. platensis resulted in a corresponding effect on growth performance when compared to feeding zinc bacitracin as a growth promoter to broiler. Abd El-Hady & El-Ghalid (2018) reported that S. platensis supplementation to broiler diet improved feed conversion ratio. The improvement of FCR as a result of S. platensis supplementation could be attributed to the increase in body weight accompanied with no effect in feed intake.

Carcass quality
Data on comparison of the treatments of dietary Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira platensis powder on quality of boiler duck carcasses are shown in Table 3. There were no significant (p >0.05) different values of variables affected by treatments. This is in agreement with previous findings (Sugiharto et al. 2018) which also reported that there was no effect of dietary Arthrospira platensis on carcass traits of broilers chicks observed for 35 days. Several studies reported that feeding A. platensis increased carcass percentage of broiler chicks (Koud, 2012, Mariey et al. 2014 and Japanese quail (Jamil et al., 2015). The precise reason for these different results is not known, but the relatively similar final bodyweight may result in a similar carcass percentage of broiler among the treatment groups in the present study. This inference was supported by Mariey, et al. (2014) who suggested that carcass weight was in parallel with the live body weight of broilers. That is, the increased carcass weight

Visceral organs
Data describing the effect of dietary Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira platensis powder on visceral organs of broiler ducks are summarized in Table 4. No significant different effects (p>0.05) were found among treatments on liver, gizzard, heart, spleen, giblet and abdominal fat of broiler ducks. Nurhayati (2010) reported that using Morinda citrifolia powder in the ratio up to 10 percent did not significantly affect internal organ of broiler chickens. This is in agreement with (Sugiharto et al. 2018) that feeding of Arthrospira platensis (1%) had no significant effect on internal organ of broiler chicks for 35 days. Total organ weight was found to be lower in bird fed with antibiotics as well as 0.05% Moringa fruit powder. A significant effect of herbal dietary treatment was not observed on subcutaneous fat content (neck, breast, and leg) of broiler carcass and on abdominal fat content (heart and vent) except the fat around gizzard (David et al. 2012).

CONCLUSION
The finding of the present study suggests that the dietary of Morinda citrifolia and Arthrospira platensis powder did not significantly improve performance and quality of broiler ducks carcasses.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The study was financially supported by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Indonesia.